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The pros and cons of mLED, μLED, and OLED displays are analysed, and their future perspectives are discussed.īoth mLED, μLED and OLED chips can be used as emissive displays, while mLEDs can also serve as a BLU for LCDs. In particular, we evaluate the power consumption and ACR of each display in depth and systematically compare the dynamic range, MPRT, and adaptability to flexible and transparent displays. In this review paper, we compare the performance of mLEDs, OLEDs and μLEDs according to the abovementioned criteria. To compare different displays, the following are important performance metrics: (1) a HDR and a high ambient contrast ratio (ACR) 32, (2) high resolution or a high resolution density for virtual reality to minimize the screen-door effect, (3) a wide colour gamut 33, 34, 35, (4) a wide viewing angle and an unnoticeable angular colour shift 6, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, (5) a fast motion picture response time (MPRT) to suppress image blur 41, 42, (6) low power consumption, which is particularly important for battery-powered mobile displays, (7) a thin profile, freeform, and lightweight system, and (8) low cost.

“LCD, OLED or μLED: who wins?” has become a topic of heated debate 11.

Nevertheless, the largest challenges that remain are the mass transfer yield and defect repair, which will definitely affect the cost. These features are highly desirable for sunlight readable displays, such as smartphones, public information displays, and vehicle displays. Both mLEDs and μLEDs offer ultrahigh luminance and long lifetimes. Recently, micro-LEDs (μLEDs) 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and mini-LEDs (mLEDs) 24, 25, 28 have emerged as next-generation displays the former is particularly attractive for transparent displays 19, 29, 30, 31 and high luminance displays 21, 22, 23, while the latter can serve either as a locally dimmable backlight for high dynamic range (HDR) LCDs 24, 28 or as emissive displays 21, 22, 23, 24. However, some critical issues, such as burn-in and lifetime, still need to be improved. In the past few years, emissive OLED displays have gained momentum and have competed fiercely with LCDs in TVs and smartphones because of their superior unprecedented dark state, thin profile, and freeform factor. Meanwhile, after 30 years of intensive material 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and device development and heavy investment in advanced manufacturing technologies, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays 7, 14, 15, 16, 17 have grown rapidly, enabling foldable smartphones and rollable TVs. However, an LCD is nonemissive and requires a backlight unit (BLU), which not only increases the panel thickness but also limits its flexibility and form factor. Since the 2000s, LCDs have gradually displaced bulky and heavy cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and have become the dominant technology 5, 6. The liquid crystal display (LCD) was invented in the late 1960s and early 1970s 1, 2, 3, 4.

Display technology has become ubiquitous in our daily life its widespread applications cover smartphones, tablets, desktop monitors, TVs, data projectors and augmented reality/virtual reality devices.

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